木炭为什么不能作肥料? 木炭和草木灰有什么区别?Biochar, charcoal 和horticultural charcoal

庭院种菜 September 9, 2023
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草木灰到底是什么肥料?https://youtu.be/pss9GlFfotg 怎么烧制用不完的草木灰?https://youtu.be/LY_2cqQhj2g 今天的视频分成两个部分:第一部分是木炭和草木灰的区别;第二部分是木炭为什么不能像草木灰那样作肥料。 爱好种植的朋友都知道,草木灰含有很多植物必需的养分,是种菜种花的好肥料。草木灰在中国和其他亚洲国家的农村是很常见的肥料。农民可以用树叶草根自己烧制草木灰,而且是免费的。在国外种菜,弄点草木灰还真不容易。草木灰可以在自家院子用火坑自己烧制,但在干旱地区和干旱季节因为消防原因,是不允许烧树叶树枝的。 最近几年在华人的种菜圈里,草木灰被神化了,被吹得神乎其神。如果种菜的人没有一桶草木灰。在微信群讨论种菜时好像很没有面子的样子。于是,有人就想到网上购买草木灰。在美国,我没有在网上看到过有做肥料的草木灰卖。各种各样烧烤用的木炭倒是很多。有的朋友就把木炭当作草木灰,买来之后在菜地里做肥料。 那木炭是草木灰吗?木炭和草木灰有什么区别?看了本视频,你就会很清楚地知道这些问题的答案,成为半个专家。 首先,我们来看看什么是木炭。木炭就是木头开始燃烧又没有燃烧完全留下来的黑炭头。木炭有好几个英文名字,包括lump charcoal, biochar和horticultural charcoal,这三种木炭叫法不一样,制作方法和用途略有不同,但本质上是一样的。因此在本视频里都称之为木炭。 接下里我们一起看看木炭是怎么制作的,木炭又是怎么变成草木灰的。我在这里演示的制作方法虽然过于简单,但原理是一样的。朋友们一看就会明白木炭和草木灰的区别。 这是正在燃烧的木头。这些木头已经燃烧,但还没有完全变成灰烬。我将这些已经燃烧过但还没有变成灰的木头放到喷烟器里。喷烟器是养蜂的必备工具,每个养蜂人都有1-2个这样的喷烟器。用花盆阻断燃烧的木头和空气之间的接触。过一会拿走花盆。因为喷烟器里空气很少,木头不能继续氧化,燃烧的木头就变成木炭了。 我们再来看看火坑里的木头。这些燃烧过的木头接触空气,一直在燃烧,一直在氧化。 燃烧完全之后,就变成了这样。这就是草木灰。也就是说,木头燃烧到一半就切断氧气的供应,得到的就是木炭。木头开始燃烧之后,一直在空气中燃烧。燃烧完全之后,剩下的灰烬就是草木灰。 我们知道木炭和草木灰的区别之后,再来看看木炭为什么不能做肥料。木炭和草木灰的原料虽然是一样的,但木炭没有完全燃烧。木炭的化学性质非常稳定。炭用到土壤里之后,基本不会被微生物降解。过几千年、几万年之后再挖出来还是木炭。 因为木炭不能被微生物降解,所以里面的磷、钾、钙、镁等养分就一直出不来。养分出不来,就不能为植物提供养分,就不能作肥料。几万年之后,沧海桑田,菜地变成海洋了,木炭的肥效还没有发挥出来 看到这里,你也许会有很多问题:木炭这样的网红肥料怎么可能没有肥效?有些试验不是发现木炭能提高农作物的产量吗?难道木炭一点好处都没有?如果你想更深入地了解木炭和草木灰,请你继续往下看。 木炭有什么好处?1. 改善土壤的物理性能。木炭质地很轻,适量使用,能改良土壤的结构,让植物根系有更好的生长环境。 2. 吸附土壤里的养分。木炭具有丰富的孔隙结构和很大的比表面积。在土壤里能吸附养分,减少养分的流失。 3. 增强土壤的保水性。木炭的空隙很多,用到地里之后,就像尿不湿一样,有一定的保水作用。 朋友们从木炭的这几个好处可以看出,适量的木炭可以改良土壤的物理性能,但不能改良土壤的化学和生物性能,不能为蔬菜提供养分,不能作肥料。 最近一二十年,国内外对木炭做了大量的田间试验。有的研究发现木炭可以提高产量,有的研究发现没有效果。那怎么解释木炭提高农作物产量这个现象呢? 我觉得主要原因是木炭上粘了一点草木灰。不管木炭是怎么制作的,其表面肯定会有一点草木灰。木炭施用到地里之后,草木灰的养分被作物吸收,作物就长得更大。等这一点点草木灰全被作物吸收了,木炭就失去肥效了。我的这个科学猜想,得到了南京农业大学的试验结果的支持。研究结果显示,添加不同生物质炭对小白菜产量没有影响,但添加生物质炭浸提液,小白菜产量提高【1】。将木炭放在水里浸提,木炭上的游离养分溶解到水里,所以木炭浸出液就相当于很稀的草木灰溶液,自然会有一定的肥效。 根据上面的讨论,我建议朋友们不在菜地里用木炭做肥料。如果你已经买了木炭准备做肥料,那怎么办?我的建议是不直接施用木炭,先用木炭烤肉烤玉米,燃烧的过程中木炭里的磷钾钙镁等养分被释放到灰烬中。灰烬就是草木灰,然后在适当的时候用草木灰做肥料。除此之外,我建议不用碾碎的木炭洒在蔬菜花卉叶子上杀虫。木炭粉堵塞叶片上的气孔,严重影响光合作用。 我在这里提醒朋友们两个注意事项:1. 如果你在美国,一定要弄清楚木炭和炭粉煤球的区别。正宗的木炭其英文是lump charcoal,用木头烧制的,没有添加煤粉和其他助燃剂。美国还有一种常见的烧烤燃料叫charcoal briquet,我把它意译成炭粉煤球。炭粉煤球是木炭粉和煤粉混在一起的块状物。用炭粉煤球烧烤剩下的灰烬最好不用在菜地里。 2. 如果你坚信木炭是比草木灰还要好的肥料,非要在菜地里直接用木炭,那我建议你用得少一点,不要用太多。研究表明,施用量超过1%时,木炭对作物生长有明显的抑制作用【2】。我分析的原因是这样的。木炭和土壤里养分的关系就像海绵和水的关系一样。如果在菜地里埋进大量的海绵,土里的水都被海绵吸干了。在菜地里施用大量的木炭,土里的养分都被木炭吸走,不能被蔬菜利用了。因此,你非要用木炭做肥料的话,要少少地用,不能用多。 综上所述,木炭的降解特别慢,基本没有肥力,不能作肥料。适量的木炭能提高土壤的通透性,改善土壤的物理性能。如果用过量,土壤里的养分被木炭吸走。降低土壤肥力,造成蔬菜减产。因为木炭改良土壤的效果有限,我不建议在菜地里用木炭。真正改良土壤,还是需要牛粪、马粪和堆肥这样的有机肥。 【参考文献】 1. 南京农业大学学报, 2018, 41(6): 1070-1077. 2. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(4): 1027-1038.

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