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Horizontal gene transfer might not be the flashiest of names, but animals are using it to create genetic hybrids without a human in sight. Like frogs rocking the DNA snippets of snakes, and fish sharing antifreeze superpowers. Hosted by: Savannah Geary (they/them) ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever: Adam Brainard, Alex Hackman, Ash, Benjamin Carleski, Bryan Cloer, charles george, Chris Mackey, Chris Peters, Christoph Schwanke, Christopher R Boucher, DrakoEsper, Eric Jensen, Friso, Garrett Galloway, Harrison Mills, J. Copen, Jaap Westera, Jason A Saslow, Jeffrey Mckishen, Jeremy Mattern, Kenny Wilson, Kevin Bealer, Kevin Knupp, Lyndsay Brown, Matt Curls, Michelle Dove, Piya Shedden, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Lutfi ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? SciShow Tangents Podcast: https://scishow-tangents.simplecast.com/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow #SciShow #science #education #learning #complexly ---------- Sources: https://www.britannica.com/science/horizontal-gene-transfer https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/eukaryote-eucariote-294/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9555858/ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prokaryote https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conjugation https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transposons https://www.britannica.com/science/transposon https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15149-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30113080/ https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/germ-line https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068243/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2021.02.006 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214574523000329 https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1319929111 https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/reproduction.shtml https://www.britannica.com/plant/hornwort https://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/Mim/mallethyb05.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13291 https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/4/msac052/6563207?login=false https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-genes-can-leap-from-snakes-to-frogs-20221027/?mc_cid=1fb1939045 https://www.quantamagazine.org/dna-jumps-between-animal-species-no-one-knows-how-often-20210609/ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/electroporation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2975437/ https://peerj.com/articles/16596/ https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1010095 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571064513000560?via%3Dihub Image Sources: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/biological-engineering-gene-modification-gmo-genetically-stock-footage/817600658 https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-bacteria-stock-footage/1487338845 https://javalab.org/en/human_gene_transfer_en/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_unlabled.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Transposon.png https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Retrotransposons.png https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/blue-marble-acrylic-seamless-pattern-water-royalty-free-illustration/1351972959 https://tinyurl.com/bddfe5fw https://tinyurl.com/35kuhy9r https://tinyurl.com/yjn8zbxw https://tinyurl.com/j6ubuptk https://tinyurl.com/4jr9su63 https://tinyurl.com/ycecm28v https://tinyurl.com/4fxus7rf https://tinyurl.com/3esfrpa9 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipteris_conjugata_%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%98%E8%95%A8_001_(%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F).jpg https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/52228866 https://tinyurl.com/bddtrtbv https://www.inaturalist.org/people/possumsend https://tinyurl.com/543s87cb https://tinyurl.com/fx5vnhnn https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EB1911_-_Horticulture_-_Fig._17.,_18.%E2%80%94Cleft-_and_Crown-grafting.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_tree_grafting_2.jpg https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34739034 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18460677 https://tinyurl.com/4yc6k73b https://tinyurl.com/3se7dcmt https://tinyurl.com/nh3wuahc https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1l1i_EBI.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clupea_harengus_Gervais.flipped.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osmerus_mordax_flipped.jpg https://tinyurl.com/4z3hkxmr https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FishEggs.jpg https://tinyurl.com/53s6uu4v https://tinyurl.com/2vv29kse https://tinyurl.com/ysxkp4ez https://tinyurl.com/4a8ebs76 https://tinyurl.com/3xnasumw https://tinyurl.com/2s3hc2p3 https://tinyurl.com/2p9hp4w5 https://tinyurl.com/y9kwejjd