KBS 역사스페셜 – 조선 최대의 지하조직, 활빈당

KBS 히스토리 April 24, 2020
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KBS 히스토리

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'KBS 히스토리'는 KBS에서 방송된 모든 역사 콘텐츠를 모아놓은 KBS의 공식 채널입니다. 2018년 12월 채널명 'KBS 역사 한방'으로 출발, 'KBS 역사저널 그날'을 거쳐 2025년 12월 8일 'KBS 히스토리'로 명칭을 변경했습니다.

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- 19세기 활빈당 발령장, 헌책방에서 발견되다 오랫동안 홍길동전의 텍스트에 관한 연구를 계속해오던 김일근 교수는 헌책방에서 오래된 문서 하나를 발견하고 흥분했다. 그것은 구한말 활빈당이 충청도의 부호 정인원에게 돈 5천 냥을 요구한 협박장이었다. 이 발령장에서 또 하나 흥미로운 것은 그들 스스로 "길동 선생 이후로 이칠성 그후로 난 맹감역이라" 즉, 홍길동의 후예임을 자칭하고 있는 것이다. 그리고 부호에게 띄운 이 발령장이 증명하듯 이들 구한말의 활빈당은 홍길동전에 나오는 활빈당과 유사한 온갖 활동을 벌인다. - 가난한 사람을 살리는 당, 활빈당 1903년 전라도 능주 예암장에서는 수 백석의 쌀이 빈민들에게 나누어지는 일이 생긴다. 이것은 활빈당이 인근 부호들의 쌀을 빼앗아 가난한 사람들에게 나누어준 것이다. 이들은 장 한복판에서 3일간 잔치를 벌이는 대범함까지 보였고 충돌한 관군과 전투를 치르고 저녁 무렵 유유히 사라졌다. 뿐만 아니라 그들은 관아를 습격하기도 하였다. 1903년 8월, 560명의 당원으로 구성된 활빈당은 경상도 영산관아를 습격한다. 이들은 죄수를 석방하고 군수의 재물을 빼앗아 인근 빈민들에게 나누어 주었다. - 동에 번쩍 서에 번쩍, 구한말의 활빈당 이외에도 구한말의 활빈당들은 전국 각지에 흩어져있는 우두머리들의 이름을 모두 맹감역, 혹은 마중군이라고 불렀다. 이는 곧 전국 각지에서 같은 시간에 맹감역, 혹은 마중군이 나타난 활약을 하는 것으로 비춰져 홍길동이 8개의 분신을 전국 각지에 보내고 동에 번쩍 서에 번쩍하는 것과 같은 효과를 노렸다. - 전국조직 활빈당 기록을 살펴보면 19세기 활빈당의 조직이 얼마나 체계적이었는지 알 수 있다. 활빈당은 큰 장이라고 일컬어지는 전국적인 대도회를 1년에 한 번씩 열어 전국적인 유대를 다졌다. 1899년에는 경기도 송파장에서 팔도도감대도민사의 지휘 아래 82명이 참가한 대도회가 열렸다. 이들은 대도회를 마친 후 인근 오미동 신승지가를 습격, 탈취한 1만 8000냥을 빈민들에게 나눠주기도 했다. 강한 반일정서를 가지고 있었던 활빈당은 일본상선이나 철도공사를 하는 일본인들을 집중공격, 반일정서를 표출한다. 이후 1905년 일본과 을사늑약이 체결되자 전국 각지에서 의병으로 새롭게 태어난다 . - 활빈당을 위해 세워진 목비들 비록 남의 재산을 뺏아 가난한 이들을 돌보는 것으로 구한말 활빈당의 방법은 정당한 것은 아니었지만 당대 민중들의 평가는 달랐다. 가난한 이들을 돌아보고 곡식을 나눠주는 활빈당을 위해 백성들이 많은 나무비석을 세웠다고 한다. 백성들은 이들을 생명의 은인으로 고맙게 여긴 것이다. 비록 도둑의 신분이기는 했지만 어지러운 시대 상황 속에서 활빈을 꾀하고 나라를 살릴 방법을 모색했던 구한말의 활빈당, 역사의 행간에 숨겨진 그들의 역사도 이제 정당하게 다시 평가받아야 한다. 역사스페셜 108회 – 조선 최대의 지하조직 활빈당 (2001.3.17.방송) http://history.kbs.co.kr/

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