美军这次特别行动的成功一定程度上来自46年前巨大失败的教训。1980年,为了解救遭伊朗扣押为人质的美国使馆人员,美军发起了救援行动,结果是一场灾难。此后美军成立特种作战司令部,整合了三角洲等特种部队。

记者易速利 April 9, 2026
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美军刚刚在伊朗开展的搜救行动是在全美乃至全世界相当一部分人的关注中完成的,从特朗普到国防部长、高级将领一直到前线的特种部队官兵压力巨大,他们完成的是史诗级别的使命,值得写进军事教科书的成功,世界上不知道还有没有其他军队能够上演这种规模庞大的高风险科目。这次搜救行动是自越南战争结束以来最为复杂的一次,其实就是稍有不慎、满盘皆输的棋局,而出问题的环节非常多。第一次营救过程中,两架HH-60W直升机遭到伊朗地面轻武器的射击,机组人员受伤后撤离,飞回到科威特安全降落。第二次营救当中两架MC-130J特种作战飞机在伊朗境内的临时前沿跑道降落的时候,前起落架陷进地面无法起飞,完成使命再次遇到障碍。这个时候美军启动了应急预案,三架小一些的飞机搭载特种兵飞到了。任务完成以后,美国摧毁了两家陷在地面的MC-130J和两架直升机,防止敏感技术落到了伊朗人手中。 军事行动中有一条近乎绝对的法则,就是再周密的计划中也会有意外发生。美军这次的巨大成功,一定程度上来自46年前的巨大失败,我们今天就来看看当年的惨败如何埋下了胜利的种子。1980年,为了解救53位遭伊朗扣押为人质的美国驻伊朗使馆人员,美军发起了一场高度复杂的救援行动,结果是一场灾难。从1979年11月4号美国驻德黑兰大使馆被占领以后,到5个月后的1980年4月,卡特总统经过与核心团队段长时间的商讨,决定派遣陆军三角洲部队Delta Force进入伊朗营救人质。营救行动的规划和演练从人质事件刚爆发就开始了,已经秘密持续了5个月,代号叫鹰爪Eagle Claw。卡特是一个虔诚的基督教徒,应对德黑兰大使馆人质劫持事件的过程中表现出极大的克制。这种审慎起初在美国内外都赢得了广泛赞誉,危机爆发后的第一个月,他在民众中的支持率翻了一番。但是随后的几个月,卡特的克制更多散发出优柔寡断的味道,三次精心谈判以后达成的秘密解决方案都被伊朗的阿亚图拉、毛拉们推翻,跟伊朗人谈判的传统就是这样,获得明确结果非常困难。一旦达成一致也都是随时可以推翻。卡特政府每一次过后都显得更加被动,支持率一路下滑,他非凡的、甚至过度泛滥的耐心这个时候也被消耗干净了。

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