不丹是藏传佛教主导的童话国家,达赖喇嘛得到广泛尊重但从未访问过。从宗教信仰、政治体制到国际关系,不丹依靠印度的同时也独立自主,以国民幸福总值而不是国民生产总值作为最重要的目标,成果丰硕却面临重大危机。

记者易速利 December 28, 2024
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藏传佛教的起源地西藏是中国的一个自治区,精神领袖达赖喇嘛自1959年就流亡在印度,他已经89岁高龄,未来的传承是一个引发国际关注的议题。在紧邻西藏的喜马拉雅山区南部有一个独立的国家就是不丹,藏传佛教处于宗教信仰的主导地位,这个国家的藏传佛教信徒们高度尊重达赖喇嘛的精神领袖地位,但基本上独立运作,达赖喇嘛从来没有访问过不丹。不丹是一个王国,一直实行双元政治体制,国王为政治领袖,地位最高的僧侣杰堪布为宗教领袖,经过佛教界选拔后由国王批准任命,职位是终身制。在不丹,年长的人们会花费几个小时转动装满佛教经文的经筒。山坡上、森林中经幡随风飘扬,将保存完好的自然环境变成圣地。 国王旺秋家族目前传到了第五代,2008年第四代国王旺秋逊位以后传位给儿子,他当时28岁。五代旺秋国王在美国的波士顿一带上过著名的私立高中菲利普斯学院Philips Academy,这是两位布什总统和无数其他名人的母校。旺秋国王的大学和研究生教育在美国和英国牛津大学共同完成的。2011年,他娶了王后吉增佩玛,21岁的王后也是在英国接受的教育,号称是不丹的凯特王妃,实际上是全世界最年轻的王后。他们的婚礼吸引了国际社会广泛的关注。 不丹是个小巧的国家,面积跟瑞士差不多,4万1千多平方公里,比台湾的3万6千平方公里略大一些,但总人口只有80万人左右,大致相当于台湾人口的1/30。不丹人口中的75%信仰藏传佛教,僧侣数量大约占到总人口的1-2%之间,1万多人。他们的信仰来自噶举派的一个分支,不是达赖喇嘛领导的格鲁派,另外藏传佛教中最古老的分支宁玛派也在不丹占据着重要地位。不丹语言与藏文有着深厚联系,两种语言口头沟通也许还是有困难,但宗教典籍高度相似,比如大藏经《甘珠尔》和《丹珠尔》版本近乎相同,互通应该没有任何障碍。 公元8世纪的时候,藏传佛教的主要奠基者莲花生大士Guru Rinpoche到了不丹,传说中他是诞生于莲花之中,所以叫莲花生。莲花生大士骑着一匹雌性老虎飞到了不丹一座悬崖上的岩洞当中静修,这个地方后来就是虎穴寺,17世纪以来虎穴寺一直是不丹的宗教圣地和文化传统的象征,现在莲花生大士供奉在几乎所有的不丹寺庙和信徒家中。不丹佛教特别强调仪式,比如五世国王旺秋的婚礼就是由地位最高的僧侣杰堪布主持。佛教僧侣们在婚礼中扮演着祈福诵经的重要角色,献供、点燃酥油灯和撒五色谷物。僧侣们还完成了藏传佛教婚礼中独特的曼扎供养mandala,将象征宇宙的曼扎、就是供品奉献给佛陀和护法神。 不丹追求一个其他国家听起来比较新颖的概念,就是国民幸福总值,藏传佛教信仰也是这种概念的灵感来源之一。我们都知道衡量国家发展水平的国民经济总值GDP,gross domestic product。不丹创造的概念是国民幸福总值GNH,gross national happiness,这个概念的形成花了几十年的时间。现在五世国王旺秋的父亲、四世国王旺秋1972年继位,当时不丹是一个绝对君主制的国家。这位也是接受英国教育的君主花了很长时间在全国范围内旅行,倾听民众的声音,询问大家对国王的期望。他发现,民众希望幸福,尽可能避免痛苦。其实这个要求应该不是说只属于不丹人民,其他国家也应该差不多,东方红里的歌词也有他为人民谋幸福,当然怎么做比怎么唱要重要得多。 不丹的特点在于延续几百年没有中断的藏传佛教传统,完整而且充满活力。不丹也从来没有被殖民过,不管是资本主义国家还是共产主义国家。另外就是不丹长期与世隔绝,首都廷布至今仍然没有交通信号灯,靠人工指挥车流。直到1974年不丹才开始允许外国游客入境,1988年才有广播,电视是1999年才引入。那年在美国,HBO的连续剧《黑帮家族》The Sopranos已经拉开了电视剧质量跟电影比美的黄金时代,中国那个时候应该是《还珠格格》超级火爆。 四世国王旺秋的想法是,如何在促进国家的现代化和开放的同时,保持好宗教信仰、文化传统和社会结构,还有极为优质的自然环境。他提出的设想是国民幸福总值GNP而不是国民生产总值GDP应该成为政府工作的核心,民众的福祉成为政策制定的焦点,方向是将民众的幸福最大化。国民幸福总值GNH写进了宪法,这种做法在全世界应该独一无二。 推进幸福的同时,四世国王旺秋还积极推进民主。他并没有受到来自美国、英国或者印度的压力才这么做的,民众也没有发出过任何呼声说我们要自由、我们不想要个人崇拜而是要真普选之类的,国王完全是自发行动、自愿让渡权力。他到各地村庄征求民众关于实行民主的意见,结果几乎所有人都说不要民主,恳求他继续当国王,掌管政府。民众看到周围实行民主的几个国家,印度、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国,民主给这些国家带去的是暴力、腐败和混乱,而不丹一直和谐安宁,所以民众都说,我们挺好的,真的不需要民主。在这种情况下,四世国王旺秋仍然完全无视人民的意愿,强行推进民主。他的观点是说,不丹这个小国家交到一个由出生而不是由能力决定的人手里,前景无法保障,因为总有一天会遇到一个糟糕的国王。 到了2006年,四世国王推动不丹从一个绝对的君主制国家转变为君主立宪制国家,两年以后新的政治体制正式建立起来,他将国王的位置传给了儿子,所以现在的五世国王旺秋继承的是一个君主立宪政体,跟培养他和王后的英国相似。国王的角色更多是主持国家事务,作为国家团结的象征,不再直接参与具体政治运作,藏传佛教与民主实现了有机结合。在不丹的政治体制改革之前,达兰萨拉的藏人流亡政府在经历几百年的政教合一体制之后,达赖喇嘛1970年首次实行议会民主选举,行政首长直选是2001年。当然,印度藏人只有10万左右,远远少于不丹的80万,而且不丹是一个拥有主权的独立国家。1990年代初,同样是藏传佛教占据主导地位、信徒超过人口50%的蒙古也实行了民主,加上不丹的例子,这些都说明藏传佛教与实行民主并不矛盾,两者可以和谐共存。

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