#141 中国货攻陷欧洲的奥秘|为什么贸易战是个解不开的死结?|不问文明程度的天真全球化时代难以为继|丝绸之路如何成了垃圾之路?|中国经济增长的唯一亮点——出口,还能维持多久?|

徒步的騎手 December 23, 2025
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有很多年,人们经常听到一种说法,就是中国市场不可替代。德国企业严重依赖中国市场,这是个基本现实。但中国市场真得不可替代吗? 路透社在2025年12月发布的这份数据,击碎了“中国市场不可替代”的幻觉:在德国的贸易伙伴中,中国已经跌到第7位。现在,连英国和意大利这两个经济体量比中国小得多的国家,买的德国货都比中国买的多。相比之下,尽管川普大打贸易战,美国依然稳居德国第一大出口国的地位,德国对美国的出口额比对中国的出口额高出两倍。 对于德国来说,美国与中国,谁重谁轻?一目了然。 有比较才有优劣。虽然川普政府不好打交道,但美国总体上是个重规则的市场经济体,而且跟德国价值取向大致同构。而中国正好相反,它破坏市场竞争规则,它不是个市场经济体,而是个极权政治操控的经济体,中国从政府到民间,跟德国的价值取向完全不同——它拒绝现代文明化,拒绝接受现代文明价值,它的目标是摧毁现代文明秩序,把极权政治对中国人的控制扩张到中国以外。 在红色基因土皇帝治下,中国正在迅速退化成一个只进不出的工业黑洞。德国对中国的贸易逆差不断扩大。路透社估计,今年德国对中国的贸易逆差将达到1000亿美元,而且,这个趋势还在加速。中国拼命往德国卖货,却大幅减少购买德国产品。这种关系不可能长久维持下去。在一方不做根本改变的情况下,除了离婚,没有第二条路。 德国政府和企业界开始有了危机意识。离婚不容易,但维持现状,等于慢性自杀。可以预见,它会缓慢地走上美国对中国的政策轨道。 我们可以参照一下华为5G事件。美国早在2019年就开始封杀华为,而德国争论了整整四年,才达成限制协议。在对俄国的能源依赖问题上也是这样。用几个成语来描述,就是瞻前顾后、首鼠两端、拖泥带水,行动迟缓。 德国对中国的贸易关系大概率会遵循同样的节奏。美国已经先走一步,设立关税和技术壁垒。德国正在进入首鼠两端的尾部。虽然它动作比美国慢一拍,甚至慢两三拍,但趋势已经形成。默茨政府正在建立供应链审查和贸易防御机制,可以看作是在追赶美国对中国的政策。虽然步伐缓慢,但只要起步了,它的官僚系统就会按部就班地走下去,它的企业也会情愿或不情愿地跟进。 2025年已经接近尾声。这可以说是德国跟中国关系,裂痕不断扩大的一年。这种裂痕不是通过外交技巧可以弥合的。它是一种结构性断裂。用《华尔街日报》形象的比喻来说,现在的德中关系,就像是一对已经分居、相互提防、相互猜忌的夫妻。他们要离婚,但还没搞定孩子的抚养费,没搞定怎么分财产。 中国跟美国、跟德国之间的贸易摩擦有解吗?答案是“没有”。这是个死结。它之所以是个死结,原因在于中国的制度。只要制度不变,这将永远是个死结。 按照经济学逻辑,解决中国倾销问题的最终办法,是让中国国民富有起来,让他们能买得起自己生产的东西,也能买得起国外进口的产品。这意味着,中国政府必须把钱从基建、从补贴、从不断膨胀的维稳经费中抽出来,分给普通民众,提高他们的收入,改善他们的福利。 但在中国现有的体制下,这是不可能的,这本身就是一个政治死结。提高中国人的收入,改善中国人的福利,等于给中国老百姓分配议价权,这意味着政府让渡一部分权力给中国老百姓。在当下的中国,这怎么可能呢? 中国极权制度的死结,必然导致对外关系,包括经贸关系的死结——“国家补贴”+“极限压榨工人”导致“产能过剩”,“产能过剩”导致“向全球倾销产品”,“低价倾销”导致“各国抵制”“设立贸易壁垒”,中国为突破贸易壁垒,进一步压榨工人,把价格压得更低,“更疯狂倾销”,各国进一步加固贸易壁垒。中国只能在这个死循环中打转,直到有一天,游戏玩不下去了。 今年,拉动中国经济增长的三驾马车——国内投资、国内消费和对外出口,有两驾已经趴窝:投资和消费都拉不动了。出口成了中国经济增长的唯一亮点。而出口的壁垒越来越多。中国经济增长仅存的这个亮点,也会逐渐暗淡下去。 这注定了,2026年的中国经济将继续在下行轨道上滑行。当欧美两大经济体都开始对中国产品关门,连跟中国蜜月了几十年的德国都要跟它闹离婚,中国已经严重过剩的产能将进一步恶化,民生将变得更加艰难。 这也注定了,德国跟中国的这段婚姻,将会以一种越来越不体面的方式收场,from ugly to uglier。 这就是我们面对的现实:那个不问文明程度的天真全球化时代已经难以为继,一个充满对抗与壁垒的过渡时期正在开启。过渡到哪里呢?未来并不明朗。

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